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AC/DC Bridges for measurement, Wheatstone bridge
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When servicing metal cable lines, measuring bridges are most commonly used. However, other devices are also available for locating cable faults.
Firstly, they provide high accuracy in a wide range of measured values.
Secondly, their use makes it possible to organize measurements in such a way as to compensate for extraneous influences, which is indispensable for fault location.
Thirdly, they are not expensive.
It will be helpful for the reader to become familiar not only with the construction of measuring bridges but also with the principles of their application for fault location. However, speaking the language of mathematics, such knowledge is necessary, but more is needed for constructing optimal measurement schemes. Diagnostics is always both an experience and an art.
The bridge method can also set the twisted-pair length with alternating current. In this case, the measured parameter is the capacitance of the twisted pair. Dividing the capacitance of the twisted pair by its total capacitance, we obtain the length of the twisted pair.
Pic. 7 Measuring the resistance of insulation between the conductors and the shield
Similar to the above measurements at direct current, using the Whitston bridge at alternating current determine the capacity of the twisted pair (loop) and the capacitance of each of the cores of the pair relative to the screen, see Pic. 8. The length of the cores can be calculated from their capacitance per wire. A twisted pair's capacitance (nF/km) depends on the cross-section, type of twisting, type, and insulation material. It is determined by a tabular method according to the cable type.
As a rule, a sharp increase in the capacity of a twisted pair compared to its nameplate value indicates the presence of water in the cable core. To localize this type of damage, other methods are used, first of all, probing the damaged pair with a reflectometer.
Pic. 8 Measuring the capacitance of a cable harness
Note that, unlike resistance, the capacitance weakly depends on temperature, significantly simplifying measurements.
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